'general population'

An orchidometer is a medical instrument used to measure the volume of the testicles. Normal volume is 15 to 25 ml; the average is 18 cm³ per testis (range 12 cm³ to 30 cm³). The discrepancy of testicular size with other parameters of maturation can be an important clue to various diseases. Small testes can indicate either primary or secondary hypogonadism. Testicular size can help distinguish between different types of precocious puberty. Since testicular growth is typically the first physical sign of true puberty, one of the most common uses is as confirmation that puberty is beginning in a boy with delay. Large testes (macroorchidism) can be a clue to one of the most common causes of inherited generalized learning disability, fragile X syndrome..

One of the frequent causes of non-traumatic lower-limb amputation is Diabetes and is usually preceded by foot ulcer and infection. The reason of this ulceration is commonly a loss of protective sensation due to peripheral neuropathy, for which there is no prevention strategy. Current research promotes early detection of neuropathy so that secondary prevention measures, such as intensive foot-care education and treatment, can be used for individuals. In an effort to standardize and simplify the detection of insensate foot, the 5.07/10-gm Monofilament is recommended by the International Diabetes Federation and the World Health Organization as a device that can be used by health professionals at every level of care. A standardised filament is pressed against part of the foot. When the filament bends, its tip is exerting a pressure of 10 grams (therefore this monofilament is often referred to as the 10 gram monofilament). If the patient cannot feel the monofilament at certain specified sites on the foot, he/she has lost enough sensation to be at risk of developing a neuropathic ulcer.